P., Cronin, M., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. M., Gregor, L., Hauck, J., Le Quéré, C., Luijkx, I. This work are available at (Friedlingstein et al., 2022b).įriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. This living data updateĭocuments changes in the methods and data sets used in this new globalĬarbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycleĬompared with previous publications of this data set.

Strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. Comparison of estimates from multipleĪpproaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in theĮstimate of land-use change emissions, (2) a low agreement between theĭifferent methods on the magnitude of the land CO 2 flux in the northernĮxtratropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the Overall, the meanĪnd trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistentlyĮstimated over the period 1959–2021, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr −1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal Than 50 % above pre-industrial levels (around 278 ppm). Globally and atmospheric CO 2 concentration reaching 417.2 ppm, more The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration averaged overĢ021 reached 414.71 ± 0.1 ppm. the total estimated sources were too low or (including the cement carbonation sink) of 10.9 ± 0.8 GtC yr −1 All uncertainties are reported as ☑ σ.įor the year 2021, E FOS increased by 5.1 % relative to 2020, withįossil emissions at 10.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 (9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and E LUC was 1.1 ± 0.7 GtC yr −1, for a total anthropogenic CO 2 emission Measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbonĬycle. ( B IM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and theĮstimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a The terrestrial CO 2 sink ( S LAND) is estimated withĭynamic global vegetation models. With global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-basedĭata products. The ocean CO 2 sink ( S OCEAN) is estimated Atmospheric CO 2 concentration is measuredĭirectly, and its growth rate ( G ATM) is computed from the annualĬhanges in concentration. ( E LUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use changeĭata and bookkeeping models. Statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change Fossil CO 2 emissions ( E FOS) are based on energy Quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodologies to In a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbonĬycle, support the development of climate policies, and project futureĬlimate change.

Their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo ZhengĪccurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W.

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